The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2021.341Keywords:
Plant health, Seed, Virus, Phytosanitary measuresAbstract
Seeds present a naturally occurring package of germplasm with ideal attributes for collection, distribution and, in the case of orthodox seed, long term storage. From a phytosanitary perspective seeds are often considered a relatively low-risk option for movement of germplasm across borders. Most published data are concerned with diseases of commercial crops and little is known about the risks associated with wild collected, non-commercial seeds. However, there is demonstrable risk associated with the movement of any plant germplasm which can pose a risk to both crops and the wider environment. Presented here are a discussion on seed standards and the difference between seed borne and seed transmitted pathogens, with case studies presented to highlight the risks associated with informal seed systems and wild collected seeds in particular. Additionally, suggestions on how to address phytosanitary issues are presented including awareness raising measures aimed at improving biosecurity procedures during collection and before long-term storage of seed accessions.
References
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Adams IP, Fox A, Boonham N, Massart S, De Jonghe K, 2018b. The impact of high throughput sequencing on plant health diagnostics. European Journal of Plant Pathology 152, 909-19.
Ambler J, Diallo AA, Dearden PK, Wilcox P, Hudson M, Tiffin N, 2020. Including digital sequence data in the Nagoya Protocol can promote data sharing. Trends in biotechnology.
Antonelli A, Fry C, Smith R, et al., 2020. State of the World’s Plants and Fungi 2020.
Bianchi P, Schrage W, Malanitchev S, 2007. UNECE standards for certification, marketing and commercial quality control of seed potatoes and early and ware potatoes. Potato production and innovative technologies, 198.
Boonham N, Kreuze J, Winter S, et al., 2014. Methods in virus diagnostics: from ELISA to next generation sequencing. Virus Research 186, 20-31.
Brunel S, 2014. How to communicate on pests and invasive alien plants? Conclusions of the EPPO/CoE/IUCN‐ISSG/DGAV/UC/ESAC Workshop: Oeiras (PT), 2013‐10‐08/10 A workshop to bridge the gap in between disciplines. EPPO Bulletin 44, 205-11.
Brunt A, Phillips S, Jones R, Kenten R, 1982. Viruses detected in Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae) from Peru and Bolivia. Annals of Applied Biology 101, 65-71.
Buck M, Hamilton C, 2011. The Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 20, 47-61.
Cbd, 2020. Convention on Biological Diversity: Global strategy for plant conservation, https://www.cbd.int/gspc/. In. (2021.)
Cleary M, Oskay F, Doğmuş HT, Lehtijärvi A, Woodward S, Vettraino AM, 2019. Cryptic risks to forest biosecurity associated with the global movement of commercial seed. forests 10, 459.
Davino S, Caruso AG, Bertacca S, Barone S, Panno S, 2020. Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus: Seed Transmission Rate and Efficacy of Different Seed Disinfection Treatments. Plants 9, 1615.
Dempewolf H, Baute G, Anderson J, Kilian B, Smith C, Guarino L, 2017. Past and future use of wild relatives in crop breeding. Crop Science 57, 1070-82.
Dombrovsky A, Smith E, 2017. Seed transmission of Tobamoviruses: Aspects of global disease distribution. Adv. Seed Biol, 233-60.
Fox A, Adams I, Hany U, et al., 2015. The application of Next-Generation Sequencing for screening seeds for viruses and viroids. Seed Science and Technology 43, 531-5.
Fox A, Fowkes A, Skelton A, et al., 2019. Using high‐throughput sequencing in support of a plant health outbreak reveals novel viruses in Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae). Plant Pathology 68, 576-87.
Fox A, Mumford R, 2017. Plant viruses and viroids in the United Kingdom: An analysis of first detections and novel discoveries from 1980 to 2014. Virus Research 241, 10-8.
Franić I, Prospero S, Hartmann M, et al., 2019. Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests? Ecological Applications 29, e01971.
Gbnns, 2015. The Great Britain invasive non-native species strategy. Great Britain Non-Native Species Secretariat, York.
Grousset F, Smith I, 1998. EPPO certification scheme for seed potatoes 1. EPPO Bulletin 28, 561-7.
Heywood VH, 2011. The role of botanic gardens as resource and introduction centres in the face of global change. Biodiversity and Conservation 20, 221-39.
Hull R, 2013. Plant virology. Academic press.
Jones D, Baker R, 2007. Introductions of non‐native plant pathogens into Great Britain, 1970–2004. Plant Pathology 56, 891-910.
Karger EJ, Scholz AH, 2021. DSI, the Nagoya Protocol, and Stakeholders’ Concerns. Trends in biotechnology 39, 110-2.
Liu U, Breman E, Cossu TA, Kenney S, 2018. The conservation value of germplasm stored at the millennium seed bank, royal botanic gardens, Kew, UK. Biodiversity and Conservation 27, 1347-86.
Lizarraga C, Santa Cruz M, Jayasinghe U, 1996a. Detection of an isolate of Andean potato latent tymovirus in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Plant Disease 80.
Lizarraga C, Santa Cruz M, Salazar L, 1996b. First report of potato leafroll luteovirus in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Plant Disease 80.
Macdiarmid R, Rodoni B, Melcher U, Ochoa-Corona F, Roossinck M, 2013. Biosecurity implications of new technology and discovery in plant virus research. PLoS Pathog 9, e1003337.
O’hanlon R, Watts P, Martin R, Young G, Fleming C, 2019. A report on the detection and management of a finding of PSTVd (Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid) in potato breeding material in Northern Ireland, UK. bioRxiv, 728915.
Reingold V, Lachman O, Blaosov E, Dombrovsky A, 2015. Seed disinfection treatments do not sufficiently eliminate the infectivity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on cucurbit seeds. Plant Pathology 64, 245-55.
Roberts S, Hiltunen L, Hunter P, Brough J, 1999. Transmission from seed to seedling and secondary spread of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica transplants: effects of dose and watering regime. European Journal of Plant Pathology 105, 879-89.
Rodoni B, 2009. The role of plant biosecurity in preventing and controlling emerging plant virus disease epidemics. Virus Research 141, 150-7.
Roques A, Auger-Rozenberg M-A. Recent progress in the early warning and detection of potentially-invasive alien insects through sentinel plantings in other continents and extensive surveys in major European botanical gardens. Proceedings of the IPSN Conference on Tree and Plant Health Early Warning Systems in Europe., 2016, np.
Roques A, Auger-Rozenberg M, 2010. Recent progress in the early warning and detection of potentially- invasive alien insects through sentinel plantings in other continents and extensive surveys in major European botanical gardens. Proceedings of Observatree Conference, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, United Kingdom. hal-01603660.
Sauer D, Burroughs R, 1986. Disinfection of seed surfaces with sodium hypochlorite. Phytopathology 76, 745-9.
Shekhawat P, Jain M, Chakravarti B, 1982. Detection and seed transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot of cabbage and cauliflower and its control by seed treatment. Indian Phytopathology 35, 442-7.
Silvestre R, Fuentes S, Risco R, et al., 2020. Characterization of distinct strains of an aphid-transmitted ilarvirus (Fam. Bromoviridae) infecting different hosts from South America. Virus Research, 197944.
Skelton A, Buxton-Kirk A, Fowkes A, et al., 2019. Potato spindle tuber viroid detected in seed of uncultivated Solanum anguivi, S. coagulans and S. dasyphyllum collected from Ghana, Kenya and Uganda. New Disease Reports 39, 23-.
Smith P, Dickie J, Linington S, Probert R, Way M, 2011. Making the case for plant diversity. Seed science research 21, 1.
Symes P, 2011. BIiosecurity: Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. BGjournal 8, 7-13.
Van Brunschot S, Verhoeven JTJ, Persley D, Geering A, Drenth A, Thomas J, 2014. An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139, 1-7.
Wylie SJ, Li H, Saqib M, Jones MG, 2014. The global trade in fresh produce and the vagility of plant viruses: a case study in garlic. PLoS One 9, e105044.
Adams IP, Fox A, Boonham N, Massart S, De Jonghe K, 2018b. The impact of high throughput sequencing on plant health diagnostics. European Journal of Plant Pathology 152, 909-19.
Ambler J, Diallo AA, Dearden PK, Wilcox P, Hudson M, Tiffin N, 2020. Including digital sequence data in the Nagoya Protocol can promote data sharing. Trends in biotechnology.
Antonelli A, Fry C, Smith R, et al., 2020. State of the World’s Plants and Fungi 2020.
Bianchi P, Schrage W, Malanitchev S, 2007. UNECE standards for certification, marketing and commercial quality control of seed potatoes and early and ware potatoes. Potato production and innovative technologies, 198.
Boonham N, Kreuze J, Winter S, et al., 2014. Methods in virus diagnostics: from ELISA to next generation sequencing. Virus Research 186, 20-31.
Brunel S, 2014. How to communicate on pests and invasive alien plants? Conclusions of the EPPO/CoE/IUCN‐ISSG/DGAV/UC/ESAC Workshop: Oeiras (PT), 2013‐10‐08/10 A workshop to bridge the gap in between disciplines. EPPO Bulletin 44, 205-11.
Brunt A, Phillips S, Jones R, Kenten R, 1982. Viruses detected in Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae) from Peru and Bolivia. Annals of Applied Biology 101, 65-71.
Buck M, Hamilton C, 2011. The Nagoya Protocol on access to genetic resources and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from their utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law 20, 47-61.
Cbd, 2020. Convention on Biological Diversity: Global strategy for plant conservation, https://www.cbd.int/gspc/. In. (2021.)
Cleary M, Oskay F, Doğmuş HT, Lehtijärvi A, Woodward S, Vettraino AM, 2019. Cryptic risks to forest biosecurity associated with the global movement of commercial seed. forests 10, 459.
Davino S, Caruso AG, Bertacca S, Barone S, Panno S, 2020. Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus: Seed Transmission Rate and Efficacy of Different Seed Disinfection Treatments. Plants 9, 1615.
Dempewolf H, Baute G, Anderson J, Kilian B, Smith C, Guarino L, 2017. Past and future use of wild relatives in crop breeding. Crop Science 57, 1070-82.
Dombrovsky A, Smith E, 2017. Seed transmission of Tobamoviruses: Aspects of global disease distribution. Adv. Seed Biol, 233-60.
Fox A, Adams I, Hany U, et al., 2015. The application of Next-Generation Sequencing for screening seeds for viruses and viroids. Seed Science and Technology 43, 531-5.
Fox A, Fowkes A, Skelton A, et al., 2019. Using high‐throughput sequencing in support of a plant health outbreak reveals novel viruses in Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae). Plant Pathology 68, 576-87.
Fox A, Mumford R, 2017. Plant viruses and viroids in the United Kingdom: An analysis of first detections and novel discoveries from 1980 to 2014. Virus Research 241, 10-8.
Franić I, Prospero S, Hartmann M, et al., 2019. Are traded forest tree seeds a potential source of nonnative pests? Ecological Applications 29, e01971.
Gbnns, 2015. The Great Britain invasive non-native species strategy. Great Britain Non-Native Species Secretariat, York.
Grousset F, Smith I, 1998. EPPO certification scheme for seed potatoes 1. EPPO Bulletin 28, 561-7.
Heywood VH, 2011. The role of botanic gardens as resource and introduction centres in the face of global change. Biodiversity and Conservation 20, 221-39.
Hull R, 2013. Plant virology. Academic press.
Jones D, Baker R, 2007. Introductions of non‐native plant pathogens into Great Britain, 1970–2004. Plant Pathology 56, 891-910.
Karger EJ, Scholz AH, 2021. DSI, the Nagoya Protocol, and Stakeholders’ Concerns. Trends in biotechnology 39, 110-2.
Liu U, Breman E, Cossu TA, Kenney S, 2018. The conservation value of germplasm stored at the millennium seed bank, royal botanic gardens, Kew, UK. Biodiversity and Conservation 27, 1347-86.
Lizarraga C, Santa Cruz M, Jayasinghe U, 1996a. Detection of an isolate of Andean potato latent tymovirus in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Plant Disease 80.
Lizarraga C, Santa Cruz M, Salazar L, 1996b. First report of potato leafroll luteovirus in ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas). Plant Disease 80.
Macdiarmid R, Rodoni B, Melcher U, Ochoa-Corona F, Roossinck M, 2013. Biosecurity implications of new technology and discovery in plant virus research. PLoS Pathog 9, e1003337.
O’hanlon R, Watts P, Martin R, Young G, Fleming C, 2019. A report on the detection and management of a finding of PSTVd (Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid) in potato breeding material in Northern Ireland, UK. bioRxiv, 728915.
Reingold V, Lachman O, Blaosov E, Dombrovsky A, 2015. Seed disinfection treatments do not sufficiently eliminate the infectivity of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) on cucurbit seeds. Plant Pathology 64, 245-55.
Roberts S, Hiltunen L, Hunter P, Brough J, 1999. Transmission from seed to seedling and secondary spread of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris in Brassica transplants: effects of dose and watering regime. European Journal of Plant Pathology 105, 879-89.
Rodoni B, 2009. The role of plant biosecurity in preventing and controlling emerging plant virus disease epidemics. Virus Research 141, 150-7.
Roques A, Auger-Rozenberg M-A. Recent progress in the early warning and detection of potentially-invasive alien insects through sentinel plantings in other continents and extensive surveys in major European botanical gardens. Proceedings of the IPSN Conference on Tree and Plant Health Early Warning Systems in Europe., 2016, np.
Roques A, Auger-Rozenberg M, 2010. Recent progress in the early warning and detection of potentially- invasive alien insects through sentinel plantings in other continents and extensive surveys in major European botanical gardens. Proceedings of Observatree Conference, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, United Kingdom. hal-01603660.
Sauer D, Burroughs R, 1986. Disinfection of seed surfaces with sodium hypochlorite. Phytopathology 76, 745-9.
Shekhawat P, Jain M, Chakravarti B, 1982. Detection and seed transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot of cabbage and cauliflower and its control by seed treatment. Indian Phytopathology 35, 442-7.
Silvestre R, Fuentes S, Risco R, et al., 2020. Characterization of distinct strains of an aphid-transmitted ilarvirus (Fam. Bromoviridae) infecting different hosts from South America. Virus Research, 197944.
Skelton A, Buxton-Kirk A, Fowkes A, et al., 2019. Potato spindle tuber viroid detected in seed of uncultivated Solanum anguivi, S. coagulans and S. dasyphyllum collected from Ghana, Kenya and Uganda. New Disease Reports 39, 23-.
Smith P, Dickie J, Linington S, Probert R, Way M, 2011. Making the case for plant diversity. Seed science research 21, 1.
Symes P, 2011. BIiosecurity: Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. BGjournal 8, 7-13.
Van Brunschot S, Verhoeven JTJ, Persley D, Geering A, Drenth A, Thomas J, 2014. An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139, 1-7.
Wylie SJ, Li H, Saqib M, Jones MG, 2014. The global trade in fresh produce and the vagility of plant viruses: a case study in garlic. PLoS One 9, e105044.
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2021-06-04
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The biosecurity risks of seeds in a botanic garden context. (2021). Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, 20, 147-162. https://doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2021.341
