Phytophthora root rot: its impact in botanic gardens and on threatened species conservation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2020.290Abstract
Phytophthora root rot is one of the most devastating diseases of perennial plants worldwide, affecting plants in food production, amenity plantings and in natural ecosystems. The impact of these diseases in botanic gardens can be substantial and can affect how a site may be used for months and years ahead. Management is critically dependent on avoidance of the introduction of the pathogen and effective hygiene protocols are key to achieving this. Additionally, botanic gardens have a key role to play in protecting plants and enhancing conservation outcomes through surveillance, education and ex situ conservation programmes, as well as through the recognition that they can be critical as sentinel sites to detect new incursions of pests and
diseases. The impact of several Phytophthora species on the in situ and ex situ management of the critically endangered Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine), which is highly susceptible to phytophthora root rot, is used to highlight the need to ensure management of these pathogens is a critical component of threatened species recovery and management.
References
ARENTZ, F. & SIMPSON, J.A. (1986). The
occurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Papua
New Guinea with notes on its origins. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society, 87: 289–295.
BULLOCK, S., SUMMERELL, B.A. & GUNN, L.V.
(2000). Pathogens of the Wollemi Pine, Wollemia
nobilis. Australasian Plant Pathology, 29: 211–214.
BURGESS, T.I., SCOTT, J.K., MCDOUGALL, K.L.,
STUKELY, M.J.C., CRANE, C., DUNSTAN, W.A.,
BRIGG, F., ANDJIC, V., WHITE, D., RUDMAN, T.,
ARENTZ, F., OTA, N. & ST HARDY, G.E. (2016).
Current and projected global distribution of
Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the world’s worst
plant pathogens. Global Change Biology. doi.
org/10.1111/gcb.13492.
BURGESS T.I., SIMAMORA, A.V., WHITE, D.,
WILLIAMS, B., SCHWAGER, M., STUKELY,
M.J.C. & HARDY G.E.ST.J. (2018). New species
of Phytophthora Clade 6a: evidence for recent
radiation. Persoonia, 41: 1–17.
BURGESS, T.I., WHITE, D., MCDOUGALL, K.M.,
GARNASC, J., DUNSTAN, W.A., CATALA, S.,
CARNEGIE, A.J., WORBOYS, S., CAHILL, D.,
VETTRAINO, A.-M., STUKELY, M.J.C., LIEW,
E.C.Y. ET AL. (2017). Distribution and diversity of
Phytophthora across Australia. Pacific Conservation
Biology, 23: 1–13.
CHO, J.J. (1983). Variability in susceptibility of
some Banksia species to Phytophthora cinnamomi
and their distribution in Australia. Plant Disease, 67:
869–871.
DUDZINSKI, M.J., OLD, K.M. & GIBBS, R.J. (1993).
Pathogenic variability of Australian isolates of
Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of
Botany, 41: 721–732.
DUNCAN, M.J. & KEANE, P.J. (1996). Vegetation
changes associated with Phytophthora cinnamomi
and its decline under Xanthorrhoea australis in
Kinglake National Park, Victoria. Australian Journal
of Botany, 44: 355–369.
ERWIN, D.C. & RIBEIRO, O.K. (1996). Phytophthora
Diseases Worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
GERRETTSON-CORNELL, L. (1986). Phytophthora
Phytophthora root rot: its impact in botanic gardens and on threatened species conservation | 103
cinnamomi in New South Wales. Forestry
Commission of New South Wales, Sydney.
HARDY, G.E.ST.J., BARRETT, S. & SHEARER, B.L.
(2001). The future of phosphite as a fungicide to
control the soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora
cinnamomi in natural ecosystems. Australasian
Plant Pathology, 30: 133–139.
IRWIN, J.A.G., CAHILL, D.M. & DRENTH, A. (1995).
Phytophthora in Australia. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research, 46: 1311–1337.
JONES, W.G., HILL, K.D. & ALLEN, J.M. (1995).
Wollemia nobilis, a new living genus and species in
the Araucariaceae. Telopea, 6: 173–176.
JUNG, T., ORLIKOWSKI, L., HENRICOT, B.,
ABAD‐CAMPOS, P., ADAY, A.G., AGUÍN CASAL,
O., BAKONYI, J., CACCIOLA, S.O., CECH, T.,
CHAVARRIAGA, D., CORCOBADO, T., CRAVADOR,
A. ET AL. (2016). Widespread Phytophthora
infestations in European nurseries put forest,
semi‐natural and horticultural ecosystems at high
risk of Phytophthora diseases. Forest Pathology, 46:
134–163.
JUNG, T., PÉREZ-SIERRA, A., DURÁN, A., MORTA
JUNG, M., BALCI, Y. & SCANU, B. (2018). Canker
and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne
Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands.
Persoonia, 40: 182–220.
MARTIN, F.N. & COFFEY, M.D. (2012).
Mitochondrial haplotype analysis for differentiation
of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi.
Phytopathology, 102: 229–239.
MCCREDIE, T.A., DIXON, K.W.D. &
SIVASITHAMPARAM, K. (1985). Variability in the
resistance of Banksia L.f. species to Phytophthora
cinnamomi Rands. Australian Journal of Botany, 33:
629–637.
MCDOUGALL, K.L., HOBBS, R.J. & HARDY,
G.E.ST.J. (2002). Floristic and structural
differences between Phytophthora infested and
adjoining uninfested vegetation in the northern
jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western
Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 50:
277–288.
MCDOUGALL, K.L. & SUMMERELL, B.A. (2003).
The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the
flora and vegetation of New South Wales – a
re-appraisal. In: MCCOMB, J.A., HARDY, G.E.ST.J.
& TOMMERUP, I.C. (eds), Phytophthora in Forests
and Natural Ecosystems. 2nd International IUFRO
Working Party, 7 February 2009 Meeting, Albany,
Western Australia, October 2001. Murdoch
University Print, Murdoch, pp. 49–56.
MCDOUGALL, K.L., SUMMERELL, B.A., COBURN,
D. & NEWTON, M. (2003). Phytophthora
cinnamomi causing disease in subalpine vegetation
in New South Wales. Australasian Plant Pathology,
32: 113–115.
OFFORD, C.A., PORTER, C., MEAGHER, P. &
ERRINGTON, G. (1999). Sexual reproduction and
early plant growth of the Wollemi pine (Wollemia
nobilis), a rare and threatened Australian conifer.
Annals of Botany, 84: 1–9.
PEAKALL, R., EBERT, D., SCOTT, L., MEAGHER, P.
& OFFORD, C. (2003). Comparative genetic study
confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the
ancient and endangered relictual conifer, Wollemia
nobilis (Araucariaceae). Molecular Ecology, 12:
2331–2343.
PODGER, F.D. & BROWN, M.J. (1989). Vegetation
damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on
disturbed sites in temperate rainforest in western
Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany, 37: 443–480.
PRATT, B.H. & HEATHER, W.A. (1973). The origin
and distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
in Australian native plant communities and the
significance of its association with particular plant
species. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 26:
559–573.
PUNO, V.I., LAURENCE, M.H., GUEST, D.I. & LIEW,
E.C.Y. (2015). Detection of Phytophthora multivora
in the Wollemi Pine site and pathogenicity to
Wollemia nobilis. Australasian Plant Pathology, 44:
205–215.
RIGG, J.L., OFFORD, C.A., ZIMMER, H.,
ANDERSON, I.C., SINGH, B.C. & POWELL,
J.R. (2016). Conservation by translocation:
establishment of Wollemi pine and associated
microbial communities in novel environments.
Plant and Soil. doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3010-2.
SCARLETT, K., DANIELS, R., SHUTTLEWORTH,
L.A., ROY, B., BISHOP, T.F.A. & GUEST, D.I. (2015).
Phytophthora in the Gondwana Rainforests of
Australia World Heritage Area. Australasian Plant
Pathology, 44: 335–348.
SCOTT, P.M., BARBER, P.A. & HARDY, G.E.S.
(2015). Novel phosphite and nutrient application
104 | Brett A. Summerell & Edward C.Y. Liew
to control Phytophthora cinnamomi disease.
Australasian Plant Pathology, 44: 431. doi.
org/10.1007/s13313-015-0365-4.
SCOTT, P.M., BURGESS, T.I., BARBER, P.A.,
SHEARER, B.L., STUKELY, M.J.C., G.E.ST.J. HARDY
& JUNG, T. (2009). Phytophthora multivora sp. nov.,
a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus,
Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western
Australia. Persoonia, 22: 1–13.
SHEARER, B.L. & TIPPETT, J.T. (1989). Jarrah
Dieback: the dynamics and management of
Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Jarrah (Eucalyptus
marginata) forest of South–western Australia.
Research Bulletin No. 3. CALM.
SIMS, L., TJOSVOLD, S., CHAMBERS, D. &
GARBELOTTO, M. (2019). Control of Phytophthora
species in plant stock for habitat restoration
through best management practices. Plant
Pathology, 68, 196–204. doi.org/10.1111/
ppa.12933.
TSAO, P.H. (1990). Why many phytophthora root
rots and crown rots of tree and horticultural crops
remain undetected. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 20:
11–17.
WESTE, G. (1994). Impact of Phytophthora species
on native vegetation in Australia and Papua New
Guinea. Australasian Plant Pathology, 23, 190–209.
WESTE, G. & VITHANAGE, K. (1979). Survival of
chlamydospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi in
several non-sterile, host free forest soils and gravels
at different soil water potentials. Australian Journal
of Botany, 27, 1–9.
ZIMMER, H.C., OFFORD, C.A., AULD, T.D. &
BAKER, P.J. (2016). Establishing a new population
of a shade-tolerant rainforest conifer. Plos 1
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157559.
occurrence of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Papua
New Guinea with notes on its origins. Transactions
of the British Mycological Society, 87: 289–295.
BULLOCK, S., SUMMERELL, B.A. & GUNN, L.V.
(2000). Pathogens of the Wollemi Pine, Wollemia
nobilis. Australasian Plant Pathology, 29: 211–214.
BURGESS, T.I., SCOTT, J.K., MCDOUGALL, K.L.,
STUKELY, M.J.C., CRANE, C., DUNSTAN, W.A.,
BRIGG, F., ANDJIC, V., WHITE, D., RUDMAN, T.,
ARENTZ, F., OTA, N. & ST HARDY, G.E. (2016).
Current and projected global distribution of
Phytophthora cinnamomi, one of the world’s worst
plant pathogens. Global Change Biology. doi.
org/10.1111/gcb.13492.
BURGESS T.I., SIMAMORA, A.V., WHITE, D.,
WILLIAMS, B., SCHWAGER, M., STUKELY,
M.J.C. & HARDY G.E.ST.J. (2018). New species
of Phytophthora Clade 6a: evidence for recent
radiation. Persoonia, 41: 1–17.
BURGESS, T.I., WHITE, D., MCDOUGALL, K.M.,
GARNASC, J., DUNSTAN, W.A., CATALA, S.,
CARNEGIE, A.J., WORBOYS, S., CAHILL, D.,
VETTRAINO, A.-M., STUKELY, M.J.C., LIEW,
E.C.Y. ET AL. (2017). Distribution and diversity of
Phytophthora across Australia. Pacific Conservation
Biology, 23: 1–13.
CHO, J.J. (1983). Variability in susceptibility of
some Banksia species to Phytophthora cinnamomi
and their distribution in Australia. Plant Disease, 67:
869–871.
DUDZINSKI, M.J., OLD, K.M. & GIBBS, R.J. (1993).
Pathogenic variability of Australian isolates of
Phytophthora cinnamomi. Australian Journal of
Botany, 41: 721–732.
DUNCAN, M.J. & KEANE, P.J. (1996). Vegetation
changes associated with Phytophthora cinnamomi
and its decline under Xanthorrhoea australis in
Kinglake National Park, Victoria. Australian Journal
of Botany, 44: 355–369.
ERWIN, D.C. & RIBEIRO, O.K. (1996). Phytophthora
Diseases Worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
GERRETTSON-CORNELL, L. (1986). Phytophthora
Phytophthora root rot: its impact in botanic gardens and on threatened species conservation | 103
cinnamomi in New South Wales. Forestry
Commission of New South Wales, Sydney.
HARDY, G.E.ST.J., BARRETT, S. & SHEARER, B.L.
(2001). The future of phosphite as a fungicide to
control the soilborne plant pathogen Phytophthora
cinnamomi in natural ecosystems. Australasian
Plant Pathology, 30: 133–139.
IRWIN, J.A.G., CAHILL, D.M. & DRENTH, A. (1995).
Phytophthora in Australia. Australian Journal of
Agricultural Research, 46: 1311–1337.
JONES, W.G., HILL, K.D. & ALLEN, J.M. (1995).
Wollemia nobilis, a new living genus and species in
the Araucariaceae. Telopea, 6: 173–176.
JUNG, T., ORLIKOWSKI, L., HENRICOT, B.,
ABAD‐CAMPOS, P., ADAY, A.G., AGUÍN CASAL,
O., BAKONYI, J., CACCIOLA, S.O., CECH, T.,
CHAVARRIAGA, D., CORCOBADO, T., CRAVADOR,
A. ET AL. (2016). Widespread Phytophthora
infestations in European nurseries put forest,
semi‐natural and horticultural ecosystems at high
risk of Phytophthora diseases. Forest Pathology, 46:
134–163.
JUNG, T., PÉREZ-SIERRA, A., DURÁN, A., MORTA
JUNG, M., BALCI, Y. & SCANU, B. (2018). Canker
and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne
Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands.
Persoonia, 40: 182–220.
MARTIN, F.N. & COFFEY, M.D. (2012).
Mitochondrial haplotype analysis for differentiation
of isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi.
Phytopathology, 102: 229–239.
MCCREDIE, T.A., DIXON, K.W.D. &
SIVASITHAMPARAM, K. (1985). Variability in the
resistance of Banksia L.f. species to Phytophthora
cinnamomi Rands. Australian Journal of Botany, 33:
629–637.
MCDOUGALL, K.L., HOBBS, R.J. & HARDY,
G.E.ST.J. (2002). Floristic and structural
differences between Phytophthora infested and
adjoining uninfested vegetation in the northern
jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of Western
Australia. Australian Journal of Botany, 50:
277–288.
MCDOUGALL, K.L. & SUMMERELL, B.A. (2003).
The impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the
flora and vegetation of New South Wales – a
re-appraisal. In: MCCOMB, J.A., HARDY, G.E.ST.J.
& TOMMERUP, I.C. (eds), Phytophthora in Forests
and Natural Ecosystems. 2nd International IUFRO
Working Party, 7 February 2009 Meeting, Albany,
Western Australia, October 2001. Murdoch
University Print, Murdoch, pp. 49–56.
MCDOUGALL, K.L., SUMMERELL, B.A., COBURN,
D. & NEWTON, M. (2003). Phytophthora
cinnamomi causing disease in subalpine vegetation
in New South Wales. Australasian Plant Pathology,
32: 113–115.
OFFORD, C.A., PORTER, C., MEAGHER, P. &
ERRINGTON, G. (1999). Sexual reproduction and
early plant growth of the Wollemi pine (Wollemia
nobilis), a rare and threatened Australian conifer.
Annals of Botany, 84: 1–9.
PEAKALL, R., EBERT, D., SCOTT, L., MEAGHER, P.
& OFFORD, C. (2003). Comparative genetic study
confirms exceptionally low genetic variation in the
ancient and endangered relictual conifer, Wollemia
nobilis (Araucariaceae). Molecular Ecology, 12:
2331–2343.
PODGER, F.D. & BROWN, M.J. (1989). Vegetation
damage caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi on
disturbed sites in temperate rainforest in western
Tasmania. Australian Journal of Botany, 37: 443–480.
PRATT, B.H. & HEATHER, W.A. (1973). The origin
and distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
in Australian native plant communities and the
significance of its association with particular plant
species. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 26:
559–573.
PUNO, V.I., LAURENCE, M.H., GUEST, D.I. & LIEW,
E.C.Y. (2015). Detection of Phytophthora multivora
in the Wollemi Pine site and pathogenicity to
Wollemia nobilis. Australasian Plant Pathology, 44:
205–215.
RIGG, J.L., OFFORD, C.A., ZIMMER, H.,
ANDERSON, I.C., SINGH, B.C. & POWELL,
J.R. (2016). Conservation by translocation:
establishment of Wollemi pine and associated
microbial communities in novel environments.
Plant and Soil. doi.org/10.1007/s11104-016-3010-2.
SCARLETT, K., DANIELS, R., SHUTTLEWORTH,
L.A., ROY, B., BISHOP, T.F.A. & GUEST, D.I. (2015).
Phytophthora in the Gondwana Rainforests of
Australia World Heritage Area. Australasian Plant
Pathology, 44: 335–348.
SCOTT, P.M., BARBER, P.A. & HARDY, G.E.S.
(2015). Novel phosphite and nutrient application
104 | Brett A. Summerell & Edward C.Y. Liew
to control Phytophthora cinnamomi disease.
Australasian Plant Pathology, 44: 431. doi.
org/10.1007/s13313-015-0365-4.
SCOTT, P.M., BURGESS, T.I., BARBER, P.A.,
SHEARER, B.L., STUKELY, M.J.C., G.E.ST.J. HARDY
& JUNG, T. (2009). Phytophthora multivora sp. nov.,
a new species recovered from declining Eucalyptus,
Banksia, Agonis and other plant species in Western
Australia. Persoonia, 22: 1–13.
SHEARER, B.L. & TIPPETT, J.T. (1989). Jarrah
Dieback: the dynamics and management of
Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Jarrah (Eucalyptus
marginata) forest of South–western Australia.
Research Bulletin No. 3. CALM.
SIMS, L., TJOSVOLD, S., CHAMBERS, D. &
GARBELOTTO, M. (2019). Control of Phytophthora
species in plant stock for habitat restoration
through best management practices. Plant
Pathology, 68, 196–204. doi.org/10.1111/
ppa.12933.
TSAO, P.H. (1990). Why many phytophthora root
rots and crown rots of tree and horticultural crops
remain undetected. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 20:
11–17.
WESTE, G. (1994). Impact of Phytophthora species
on native vegetation in Australia and Papua New
Guinea. Australasian Plant Pathology, 23, 190–209.
WESTE, G. & VITHANAGE, K. (1979). Survival of
chlamydospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi in
several non-sterile, host free forest soils and gravels
at different soil water potentials. Australian Journal
of Botany, 27, 1–9.
ZIMMER, H.C., OFFORD, C.A., AULD, T.D. &
BAKER, P.J. (2016). Establishing a new population
of a shade-tolerant rainforest conifer. Plos 1
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157559.
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Published
2020-02-21
How to Cite
Summerell, B., & Liew, E. (2020). Phytophthora root rot: its impact in botanic gardens and on threatened species conservation. Sibbaldia: The International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, (18), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.24823/Sibbaldia.2020.290
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